WangLu's Notes

A few days ago, while browsing security topics online, Qubes OS surfaced—whether via YouTube recommendations or search results, I can't recall precisely. Intrigued by its unique approach to security through compartmentalization, I delved into the documentation and watched some demos. My interest was piqued enough that I felt compelled to install it and give it a try firsthand. My overall first impression of Qubes OS is highly positive. Had I discovered it earlier, I might have reconsidered starting my hardware password manager project. Conceptually, Qubes OS is not much different from running a bunch of virtual machines simultaneously. However, its brilliance lies in the seamless desktop integration and the well-designed template system, making it far more user-friendly than a manual VM setup. I was particularly impressed by the concept of disposable VMs for temporary tasks and the clear separation of critical functions like networking (sys-net) and USB handling (sys-usb) into the...

For the past month, I've been prototyping my own hardware password manager using the Cardputer , a compact device that's surprisingly perfect for the task.  I learned about the Cardputer while searching for the ideal hardware to build a password manager. It's essentially a microcontroller (the ESP32-S3) packed with a screen and a keyboard. What really sold me on it were these features: Direct Interaction: I can interact directly with the device – typing my master password, searching for credentials, and confirming password entry, all on the Cardputer itself. USB Keyboard Emulation: The device can seamlessly emulate a USB keyboard, allowing for both manual and automatic password entry into other devices. Hardware-Accelerated Crypto: The ESP32-S3 boasts hardware acceleration for AES and SHA operations, crucial for secure password management. Secure Element Integration:  The Cardputer supports an optional ATECC608B secure element (available as an official accessory ), provid...

Flash encryption and secure boot are useful security features for ESP32S3 chip. While not perfect, they definitely make it harder to extract the secrets in the chip. However, it is tricky to enable both features at the same time. The topic is actually discussed in the official documentation: ESP32S3 Security Features Security Features Enablement Workflows Especially, the second one mentioned it is recommended to enable flash encryption before secure boot. But I still find the documentation confusing. In the end I was able to successfully enable both, here's my findings. My Understanding After my adventure, here's what I think could have worked. WARNING, this is untested. Follow  Security Features Enablement Workflows : Burn all the keys, as long as their purpose eFuses and read/write protections Burn other security eFuses, but DO NOT burn ENABLE_SECURITY_DOWNLOAD in the middle, which is mentined at the end of the instruction for both flash encryption and secure boot. Burn...

[Updates 2025-01-20] The original blog post assumes that all passwords are stored in one password manager, and the password manager either unlocks everything or nothing (e.g. Keepass). After discussing with friends, I realized that if I use something like pass , and I use a hardware GPG token, I can actually store and sync all encrypted passwords to all devices, because I will only decrypt the passwords on demand, and the computer will not see the GPG private key. The compromise is that the computer will see the list of all password entries (e.g. accounts), as well as a few other issues . I've been using Keepass for many years. I don't use online password services because I cannot fully trust them. Besides, I may not always have Internet connection, which is why I also don't use a self-hosted service. Everything has been working fine, until I turn my paranoid knob to the max. Here's the thought experiment . The Imaginary Scenario Let's say I have 100 PCs for differe...

Windows 10 will soon reach its end of life, and my 1-gen Surface Pro is not supported by Windows 11. I (finally) decided to install Linux to it. Fortunately, it's a not-so-easy nice adventure: The device has only one USB port, so I have to bring back my 10+-year old USB hub. My live USB drive cannot boot directly, I have to disable Secure Boot first, by holding Volume Up during boot. I think years ago I learned that booting on USB might not work through a USB hub, but fortunatelly it worked well with my setup. This is done by holding Volume Down during boot. Wifi adapter was detected in the live Linux environment, but not functional. And I don't have a USB-Ethernet adapter. Luckily, nowadays we have USB-tethering from Android phones, which works out-of-the-box. Originally I planned to following this guide to set up root on ZFS, however, the system froze when building the ZFS kernel module. Then I decided to just use EXT4, yet I still learned a lot from the guide about disk par...

Google Security Code (http://g.co/sc) is one type of 2-step verification. This is particularly useful when security keys and passkeys are not available. I have been using it in my LXC containers, until today I found out that it stopped working. It just kept saying "The code is invalid". It is easy to rule out some factors: The code works on other browsers on my laptop. The code works on other devices that are directly connected to the router. So it appears that Google also checks IP addresses besides the security code. Recently I have IPv6 enabled, so most devices that are directly connected to the router have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. But  I only enabled IPv4 for my LXC containers. So I guess when a code is generated by device A and used by device B, Google should be able to check that device A and device B are closely located. But in my case, IPv6 address appears on device A but not on device B, which may look suspicious. To fix the problem, I just needed to disable IPv...